Dr. Yun Guan was awarded the Donlin M. Long Pain Leadership Award. The award honors those who have served the Johns Hopkins community in advancing the standards of pain care and embodied the institution’s dedication to alleviate suffering and pain associated with illness. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology-neurosurgery/education/blaustein-pain/donlin-m-long-awards
ACCOMPLISHMENTS, AWARDS & HONORS
Dr. Sean Barnes gave an invited presentation entitled “Mini-MINDS Year in Review: Advancing Pediatric Delirium Care” at the 16th Annual American Delirium Society Conference in Denver, CO. 
After a national search, we are thrilled to announce that, effective September 1, 2026, Dr. Anna Gitterman (pictured left) will be stepping into the role of Division Chief for Obstetric Anesthesiology!
Dr. Gitterman is proud to be Hopkins through and through. After an exceptional chief residency year, during which she led with poise through the onset of COVID, she completed an OB anesthesia fellowship under the invaluable mentorship of Dr. Gillian Isaac and joined the faculty in 2021. Since then, she has distinguished herself as a superb clinician, a gifted and dedicated teacher, and a rising leader within the department. She also serves as assistant residency program director, where her mentorship shapes the next generation of anesthesiologists, and contributes her operational talents as one of the Weinberg medical co-directors.
Those who know Anna know the energy, thoughtfulness, and commitment she brings to her work, as well as the encouragement she gives those around her. She understands the department, and most importantly, the people who make the division so special. As she steps into this role, the focus will be on building on the already-steady foundation by supporting the team, strengthening clinical operations, continuing the educational mission, and ensuring that division members feel valued and supported.
Dr. Anita Gupta received the Historic CA Women in Medicine Award (pictured above). Dr. Anita Gupta was recently awarded the Distinguished Women in Medicine Award by the California Legislature for her leadership and clinical excellence. Presented by Assemblymember Dr. Darshana Patel, the honor includes an official proclamation designating February 3, 2027, as Women in Medicine Day in San Diego.
Dr. Christopher Robinson directed a sold-out regenerative medicine workshop and was on 3 panels at the American Society of Pain and Neuroscience (ASPN) in Miami on 7/16/26 (pictures above). Dr. Robinson is the chair of the ASPN regenerative medicine division.
Dr. Robinson was chosen to be the chair of the International Society of Pain and Neuroscience and will direct the regenerative medicine course at the society’s conference in Amsterdam in October. Additionally, the World Institute of Regenerative Medicine elected Dr. Robinson to be on the executive board, where he will become the chair.
Dr. Robinson was interviewed for 2 articles, linked below, and had an abstract accepted to Pain Week 2026 titled “The Remote Electrical Neuromodulation (REN) wearable reduces medication use for the treatment of chronic pain in migraine patients.”
GRANTS RECEIVED
Dr. Riley O’Neil, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine and ACCM T32 Research Fellow, was awarded the 2026 Society for Pediatric Sedation Scholarly Grant for his project “Development and Validity Evidence for a Simulation-Based Assessment System in Pediatric Procedural Sedation.” His mentors are Dr. Deborah Schwengel and Dr. Sapna Kudchadkar. 
Dr. Courtney Robertson was awarded an R56 grant from the NIH for her project “Intensive Care Sedation Effects on Recovery and Development after Pediatric Brain Trauma.” Her Co-Investigators are Dr. Lauren Jantzie (Dept of Pediatrics, JHU) and Dr. Manda Saraswati. ARTICLES PUBLISHED
AI, Technology and Engineering
Baughman DJ, Liu S, Jee S, Young C, Knight AM, Davis A, Yegnasubramanian S, Kachalia A, Najjar P, Whitbread JJ Jr, Ahumada L, Chused A, Haut ER, Lau BD, Sridharan A, Streiff M, Aziz KB. Multisite Real-World Validation of an Electronic Health Record-Integrated Generative Artificial Intelligence Tool for Venous Thromboembolism Risk Stratification. medRxiv [Preprint]. 2026 Jul 5:2026.06.17.26355819. doi: 10.64898/2026.06.17.26355819. PMID: 42396314; PMCID: PMC13321153.
Fan L, Sivakumar S, Marin E, Cao M, Brodie D, Whitman GJR, Cho SM. Artificial intelligence for procedural coding in cardiac critical care: Evaluating large language models for current procedural terminology accuracy. Perfusion. 2026 Jul;41(5):593-599. doi: 10.1177/02676591251412271. Epub 2025 Dec 23. PMID: 41432024.
Guan LC, Luo Z, Kothari R, Liu M, Wan J, Uniyal A, Guan AY, Lin Q, Dong X, Liu J. Mast cell-specific receptor MrgprB2 selectively mediates oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain. J Transl Med. 2026 May 23;24(1):938. doi: 10.1186/s12967-026-08285-w. PMID: 42177541; PMCID: PMC13386573.
Harris C, Nnadi B, Rapuri S, Rattray J, Tenore F, Etienne-Cummings R, Stevens RD. Non-invasive arterial blood pressure waveform generation in critically ill patients: A sensor-based deep learning approach. Comput Biol Med. 2026 Aug 15;213:111861. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2026.111861. Epub 2026 Jul 15. PMID: 42456268.
Newsome E, Perry SJ, Klein G, Cole SL, Gurses AP. The Complex Context of Emergency Department Diagnostic Work: Using a Human Factors and Sociotechnical Systems Approach for Artificial Intelligence. Qual Manag Health Care. 2026 Jul-Sep 01;35(3):211-212. doi: 10.1097/QMH.0000000000000584. Epub 2026 Jul 7. PMID: 42417215.
Sivakumar S, Fan L, Cao M, Brown P, Kim BS, Whitman GJR, Cho SM; HERALD Investigators. A High Granularity Machine Learning Model to Predict Successful Weaning During V-V ECMO. Artif Organs. 2026 Jul 14. doi: 10.1111/aor.70198. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42449030.
Vattipally VN, Kramer P, Hao C, Elshareif M, Khalilullah T, Jo J, Suarez JI, Sakran JV, Haut ER, Huang J, Bettegowda C, Azad TD. Physiology-informed machine learning for patient-level surgical decision-making in severe traumatic brain injury: Multicenter model development with external validation. J Clin Neurosci. 2026 Jul;149:112014. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2026.112014. Epub 2026 Apr 3. PMID: 41935444.
Basic & Translational Research
Guan LC, Liu J, Luo Z, Jiang M, Zhang JM, Zheng Q. In vivo GCaMP imaging reveals distinct subsets of dorsal root ganglion neurons driving spontaneous pain after nerve injury in mice. Pain. 2026 Jul 28. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000004084. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42520162.
Kramer P, Kerensky MJ, Pan A, Menta AK, Routkevitch D, Vattipally VN, Davidar AD, Weber-Levine C, Jiang K, Bhimreddy M, Leadingham KM, Azad TD, Lubelski D, Theodore N, Manbachi A. Ultrasound Shear-wave Elastography Reveals Biomechanical Heterogeneity Following Acute Spinal Cord Injury. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2026 Jul 21:S0301-5629(26)00251-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2026.06.016. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42481226.
Stevens RD. Mapping the Comatose Brain: Can Machine Learning Uncover Paths to Recovery? Crit Care Med. 2026 Jul 1;54(7):1801-1803. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000007199. Epub 2026 May 26. PMID: 42187355.
Xu S, Cai C, Shao P, Zhao Y, Guan Y, Zhu Y, Wang Y. Multifaceted Astrocyte-Neuron Cross-Talk in Neuropathic Pain: Potential Mechanisms and Functional Implications. J Pain Res. 2026 Jul 21;19:611543. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S611543. PMID: 42502492; PMCID: PMC13401376.
Clinical Research
Amajor V, Bwint A, Shein SL, Hume J, Rowan CM, Flygt LP, Malone MP, Stenson EK, Weiss SL, Zinter MS, Kannan S, Dahmer MK, Nofziger RA, Pai MP, Zuppa AF, Rhodes NJ, Hall MW, Scheetz MH, Downes KJ; Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network. Cefepime pharmacokinetics in critically ill children with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome using volumetric absorptive microsampling. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2026 Jul;70(7):e0173625. doi: 10.1128/aac.01736-25. Epub 2026 Jun 4. PMID: 42240402; PMCID: PMC13321836.
Choi UE, Nicholson RC, Economy KE, Frank SM, Connors JM, Hepner DL. A Retrospective Propensity-Matched Cohort Study of Intravenous Versus Oral Iron Formulations for Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy. Anesth Analg. 2026 Jul 17. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000008229. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42485105.
Cohen SP, Scharfstein DO, Hurley RW, Haythornthwaite J, Raja SN, McCormick ZL, Kohan L, Curatolo M, Veizi EI, Vu T, Walega DR, Wallace MS, Zhao S, Allen LE, Bridges J, Hanley D, Reeder RW, Castillo RC, Campbell CM; and the SKOAP Consortium. A Multicenter Randomized Pragmatic Trial Comparing Intra-Articular Injection, Genicular Nerve Block, and Radiofrequency Ablation for Knee Osteoarthritis Pain: SKOAP Phase 2 Protocol. Pain Med. 2026 Jul 3:pnag082. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnag082. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42397214.
Heine M, Ulbrich F, Justice S, Saravi B, Amacher SA, Hubrich J, Simeth L, Serhan CN, Muehlschlegel JD, Wollborn J. Postoperative C-Reactive Protein Resolution Patterns in Patients With and Without Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery. Interdiscip Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2026 Jul 1;41(7):ivag179. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivag179. PMID: 42371790; PMCID: PMC13371954.
Heine M, Ulbrich F, Justice S, Saravi B, Amacher SA, Hubrich J, Simeth L, Osho A, Serhan CN, Muehlschlegel JD, Wollborn J. Sex-specific associations of perioperative Resolvin D1 and D2 dynamics with postoperative atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery: a secondary analysis of a prospective observational study. Eur Heart J Open. 2026 Jun 23;6(4):oeag095. doi: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeag095. PMID: 42404140; PMCID: PMC13332794.
Jaffa MN, Seder DB, Muehlschlegel S, Meis J, Hwang DY, Niesen WD, Wolf S, Morris NA, Ragland JT, Gough B, Schneider H, Neumann JO, Kantamneni P, James ML, Freeman WD, Rajajee V, Rao CV, Nair D, Kohlhas L, Klose C, Kieser M, Suarez JI, Schönenberger S, Bösel J. Patient-and Caregiver-Centered Outcomes in Survivors of Severe Stroke with Respiratory Failure at 6 Months: A Substudy of the SETPOINT2 Trial. Neurocrit Care. 2026 Jul 20. doi: 10.1007/s12028-026-02591-3. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42477257.
Kalra A, Kang JK, Wilcox C, Brown P, Ritzl E, Bavaria JE, Zaaqoq AM, Brodie D, Whitman GJR, Cho SM. Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Seizures in Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Patients: An Analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. ASAIO J. 2026 Jul 1;72(7):e126-e133. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000002532. Epub 2025 Aug 22. PMID: 40844149.
Khanduja S, Agarwal P, Kalra A, Cao M, Ahmed YB, Whitman G, Thakor NV, Cho SM; HERALD Group. Enhancing early detection of acute brain injury using heart rate variability in patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Perfusion. 2026 Jul;41(5):721-730. doi: 10.1177/02676591261445368. Epub 2026 Apr 18. PMID: 41999576.
Moynihan KM, Cashen K, Daughtrey HR, Delgado-Corcoran C, Robinson L, Ting J, Flores S, Beshish AG, Chlebowski MM, Batsis M, Pryce P, Asfari A, Sznycer-Taub N, Karki KB, Wakeham M, Ohman RT, Shutes BL, Narasimhulu SS, Schramm JE, Strelow F, Reddy R, Loomba R, Wong JH, Werho DK, Capone CA, Schneider J, Leong K, Kulikowska A, Elgersma KM, Prentice E, Reddy C, Leopold SM, Mills KI, Mastropietro CW; Collaborative Research from the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society (CoRe-PCICS) Investigators. Death and Cardiac Disease in Pediatric Hospitals and the Role of Subspecialty Palliative Care. Pediatrics. 2026 Jul 17:e2025074622. doi: 10.1542/peds.2025-074622. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42463152.
Editorials, Literature Reviews, & Technical Guidance
Ansari J, Sasannia S, Matsyuk M, Jackson C, Nyquist P. Harnessing Regulatory T Cells to Modulate Acute Brain Injury: From Mechanisms to Therapy. Mol Neurobiol. 2026 Jun 29;63(1):731. doi: 10.1007/s12035-026-06011-7. PMID: 42366311; PMCID: PMC13310834.
Bui R, Zhu J, Achanta L, Wilkerson R, Robinson CL, Nguyen A. Liposomal Bupivacaine in Perioperative Analgesia: A Comprehensive Review of Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Economic Context. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2026 Jul 25;30(1):97. doi: 10.1007/s11916-026-01534-z. PMID: 42501243; PMCID: PMC13401552.
Cavanagh AS, Sollinger BI, Kuter N, Aziz K, Turnbill V, Martin LJ, Northington FJ. Intranasal therapies for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Neural Regen Res. 2026 Oct 1;21(10):4617-4622. doi: 10.4103/NRR.NRR-D-25-01036. Epub 2025 Dec 30. PMID: 41467413.
Chatterjee S, Grant MC, Hui DS, Schwann TA, Alexander JH, Gaudino MFL, Mack CA, Malaisrie SC, Merritt H, Sood P, Wyler von Ballmoos M, Schena S. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2026 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of New-Onset Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2026 Aug;122(2):255-277. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2026.04.002. Epub 2026 Apr 18. PMID: 42009116.
Deer T, Shah A, Reece D, Vu CM, Umapathy S, Chopra H, Buday CM, Garcia RA, Ho JS, Mata R, Lam CM, Robinson CL, Bracero L, Graca M, Grillo C, Comer AG, Amirdelfan K, Sayed D. Best practices for the LinQ sacroiliac joint stabilization procedure for the treatment of sacroiliac joint disorders. Pain Manag. 2026 Jul;16(7):809-830. doi: 10.1080/17581869.2026.2674158. Epub 2026 Jun 4. PMID: 42237893; PMCID: PMC13349027.
Devlin K, Shegogue JC, DeGroot C, Manikandan D, Edwards LM, Lobner KL, Kang K, Kudchadkar SR. Live Interactive Music Therapy Across the Perioperative Continuum: A Scoping Review. Anesth Analg. 2026 Jun 23. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000008130. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42329136.
Drummond PD, Gierthmühlen J, Bultitude JH, Rittner H, Terkelsen AJ, Austin PJ, Sivanesan E, Packham T, Ferraro MC, Goebel A, Magerl W, Ye D; Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Special Interest Group of IASP. Are complex regional pain syndrome types I and II the same? Pain. 2026 Jul 16. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000004067. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42475065.
Francke JA, Kim JJ, Damron JK, Togioka BM, Smiley RM, Berman DJ, Ring LE. Cross-institutional perspectives on accommodating the request for “attending-only” neuraxial procedures in the United States: a pro/con discussion. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2026 Jul 4;68:105235. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2026.105235. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42468073.
Gregory AJ, Noss CD, Grant MC. Embracing Enhanced Recovery After Cardiac Surgery Program. Cardiol Clin. 2026 Aug;44(3):491-506. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2026.04.001. Epub 2026 May 11. PMID: 42399044.
Griffee MJ, Kirsch RE, Rubin J, Peeler A, Hayanga JW, Chatterjee S, Dorsey D, Emeruwa IO, Goodwin ML, Rubin EB, Kim BS, Grant MC, Zaaqoq AM, Vogelsong MA, Hirshberg EL, Engelman DT, Cho SM, Arora RC. Ethical Challenges of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Cardiac Society Consensus on Key Issues and Practical Recommendations. ASAIO J. 2026 Jul 1;72(7):544-552. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000002707. Epub 2026 Apr 23. PMID: 42024483; PMCID: PMC13299034.
Hasoon J, Hung J, Atallah G, Kaye AD, Robinson CL. Lumbar Epidural Steroid Injection Approaches: A Practical Overview for Trainees. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2026 Jul 1;18:163307. doi: 10.52965/001c.163307. PMID: 42405300; PMCID: PMC13331338.
Marks VS, van Rheede JJ, Karantonis DM, Esteller R, Dinsmoor D, Fleming JE, Larson B, Desborough L, Single P, Raike RS, D’Haese PF, Englot DJ, Lempka SF, North R, Poree L, Bikson M, Denison TJ. Principles of Physiologic Closed-Loop Controllers in Neuromodulation. Neuromodulation. 2026 Jul;29(5):679-700. doi: 10.1016/j.neurom.2026.03.010. Epub 2026 Apr 30. PMID: 42059841.
McCredie VA, Bleck TP, Chou SH, Ely EW, Herridge MS, Kromm J, Kurtz P, Latronico N, Sekhon MS, Shrestha GS, Sonneville R, Stevens RD, Williams Roberson S, Sharshar T. Burden of and risk factors for neurological complications in critical illness. Intensive Care Med. 2026 Jun 30. doi: 10.1007/s00134-026-08490-7. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42377460.
Mondardini MC, Barnes S, Kudchadkar SR, et al. Pediatric ICU delirium: new findings and persistent evidence gaps in the post-guideline era – an expert opinion. Intensive Care Med. Paediatr. Neonatal (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44253-026-00127-3
Muehlschlegel JD, Glance LG. Beyond the Cuff: Rethinking How We Monitor and Manage Intraoperative Hypotension. Anesthesiology. 2026 Aug 1;145(2):271-273. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000006141. Epub 2026 Jul 14. PMID: 42447342.
Onan D, Christensen RH, Kodounis M, Krøll LS, Szabo E, Ornello R, Al-Khazali HM, Robinson CL, Ashina S. Non-Pharmacological Treatments of Migraine: Current Evidence and Clinical Practice. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2026 Jul 22;30(1):91. doi: 10.1007/s11916-026-01531-2. PMID: 42484949.
Phelps MA, Allen K, Frank SM. Anesthesia support staff in the United States: A long history and a bright future. J Clin Anesth. 2026 Jul;113:112245. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2026.112245. Epub 2026 Jun 6. PMID: 42250454.
Warshel M, Wolpaw J. Social Media and Podcasts for Anesthesia Learners: Opportunities, Evidence, and Implications for Learners, Anesthesiology Clinics, 2026. ISSN 1932-2275, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anclin.2026.06.004.
Wolpaw J, Ambardekar A, Nemergut EC, Carter T, Chu L, Labe S, Duggan B, Zisblatt L, Martinelli SM, Roper L, Desai S, Mitchell JD, Edgar L, Goodell AJ, Rouholiman D, Miller Juve AK. State of Medical Education Research in Anesthesiology: Current Landscape and Future Directions-An Initiative of the Anesthesia Research Council. Anesthesiology. 2026 Aug 1;145(2):429-445. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000006027. Epub 2026 Jul 14. PMID: 42359693.
Zaim N, Procaccini DE, Adeagbo T, Barnes S, Kudchadkar SR. Antipsychotic Prescribing Practice Patterns for Management of Delirium in a Tertiary Care Children’s Hospital Intensive Care Units. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2026 May;36(4):220-224. doi: 10.1177/10445463251414383. Epub 2026 Jan 12. PMID: 42101111.
Quality Improvement, Safety, Education & Health Systems
Goeddel L, Faraday N, Crainiceanu CM. FLAME: a model for duration-dependent risk accumulation in episodic temporal exposures. Biometrics. 2026 Jul 1;82(3):ujag126. doi: 10.1093/biomtc/ujag126. PMID: 42439082.
Halstead A, Everson M, Benson A. Innovative Strategies to Promote Wellness in Nurse Anesthesia Education. Nurs Educ Perspect. 2026 Jul 1. doi: 10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000001576. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42380991.
Lee SH, Dalesio NM, Phan PH. The Circular Supply Chain: A Strategic Framework for Hospital Operations in the Era of Value-Based Care. Int J Qual Health Care. 2026 Jul 28:mzag102. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzag102. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42517818.
Low AB, Chiem JL, Casey C, Vanderhoek SM, Martin LD. Perspectives in Pediatric Ambulatory Anesthesia: Part 1-One Center’s 15 Year Evolution in Eligibility, Utilization, Efficiency, and Outcomes. Paediatr Anaesth. 2026 Jul 3. doi: 10.1002/pan.70254. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42400211.
Martinez A, Germain A, Winners O, Shakeel F, Makker K, Desiraju S, Gilmore MM, Gontasz M, Atteih S, Fierstein J, Machry J. “Right baby, right time: a multi-NICU quality improvement initiative using the 2022 NICHD BPD risk estimator to guide timely steroid therapy”. J Perinatol. 2026 Jul 6. doi: 10.1038/s41372-026-02794-8. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42409969.
Rizik DG, Sutton NR, Lansky AJ, Alasnag M, Bartal G, Brady MB, Coylewright M, Goldstein JA, Firestone SM, Goldsweig AM, Kereiakes DJ, Kirkwood M, Madder RD, Mehran R, Nicholson WJ, Paulo G, Rao SV, Rosenfield K, Schultz CC, Tamirisa KP, Tuozzo KA, Velagapudi P, Vora AN, Yong CM, Hermiller JB. SCAI/ASE/HRS/SIR/SVS Expert Consensus Statement on Enhanced Radiation Protection: Time for Mandatory and Urgent Action. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2026 Jul 14:S1936-8798(26)01839-X. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2026.06.011. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42446441.
Wolpaw J, Ambardekar A, Nemergut EC, Carter T, Chu L, Labe S, Duggan B, Zisblatt L, Martinelli SM, Roper L, Desai S, Mitchell JD, Edgar L, Goodell AJ, Rouholiman D, Miller Juve AK. State of Medical Education Research in Anesthesiology: Current Landscape and Future Directions-An Initiative of the Anesthesia Research Council. Anesthesiology. 2026 Aug 1;145(2):429-445. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000006027. Epub 2026 Jul 14. PMID: 42359693.
Zaim N, Procaccini DE, Adeagbo T, Barnes S, Kudchadkar SR. Antipsychotic Prescribing Practice Patterns for Management of Delirium in a Tertiary Care Children’s Hospital Intensive Care Units. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2026 May;36(4):220-224. doi: 10.1177/10445463251414383. Epub 2026 Jan 12. PMID: 42101111.